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Explore the Craft of Writing Poetry French Verse The Rondeau is a 13th century generic term for all French fixed forms derived from dance rounds with musical accompaniment. The verse was originally sung by a leader and the chorus or refrain sung by a chorus and or the dancers. The defining feature of the Rondeau Family of Forms is the rentrement. (in French spelled rentrament) Members of the Rondeau family of forms are the Rondeau, the Rondeau Prime, Rondel, the Rondelet, the Triolet, and the Villanelle. The rentrament is the opening phrase or opening line repeated as a refrain. Theodore de Banville, 19th century French poet said of the rentrement, it is "both more and less than a line, for it plays the major role in the Rondeau's overall design. It is at once the subject and its means of expression." English poets integrate the rentrament more fully than the French who most often employ wit, treating the form as light verse. Conversely, the English attempt to make the rentrement more reflective with the metrical continuity of the other lines of the stanza. It is usually meditative, a lyrical destination, a memory. The Rondeau was narrowed to the poetic verse form we know today by the 17th century. The elements of the Rondeau are: a 15 line poem made up of a quintain, followed by a quatrain and ending in a sixain. syllabic, L9 & L15 are 4 syllables each and all other lines are 8 syllables each. In English it is usually metered, most often iambic tetrameter except the refrain which is iambic dimeter. composed with rentrement, a refrain repeated from the opening phrase of the poem. rhymed, using only 2 rhymes except for the refrain being unrhymed, rhyme scheme aabba, aabR, aabbaR (R being the refrain) a vehicle for serious verse, unlike the Triolet or Rondel which originate from the same source but tend to be lighter verse. All Men Are Free by Elliott Napier (Australian poet, 1870-1940) All men are free and equal born Before the Law!" So runs the worn And specious, lying, parrot-cry. All men are free to starve or sigh; But few to feed on Egypt's corn. There toils the sweated slave, forlorn; There weeps the babe with hunger torn; Dear God, forgive us for the lie "All men are free!" That man may laugh while this must mourn; One's heir to honor, one to scorn Were they born free? Were you? Was I? No! Not when born, but when they die And of their robes or rags are shorn, All men are free! St. Pat, a Rondeau by Judi Van Gorder 5-29-02 A gift of spring one early morn, a leggy little filly born. Adobe with a blaze of white, mane and tail of blackest night and on three legs white socks were worn. At sixteen hands she stood highborn, with quickstep gait to strut, forewarn, her carriage, speed, a true delight, a gift of spring. We rode as one, my heart was sworn; with me her faults and fears were shorn, together we were quite a sight, in pride and sorrow, I now write. Her early death, I'll ever mourn... my gift from spring. Palette by Judi Van Gorder The dark remains essential blight on canvas without depth of sight an empty plain to blind the eye with no line defined to vilify, a void to spend and fleece the light. For color's hues intrigue, ignite, expose the gravity of night and lure the mind to clarify. The dark remains. A war turns bloody-red in right or wrong. Black storms bring rain to fight the drought and when from pain we cry our joys come sweeter, multiply. The grit is here for me to write. The dark remains. Double Rondeau is simply doubling the pattern of the Rondeau. It can either be doubled in sequence (1 Rondeau following another Rondeau) or the like stanzas could be doubled and paired. The elements of the Double Rondeau are: A 30 line poem made up of a quintain, quartain, sixain, the same order repeated a second time or a 30 line poem made up of 2 quitains followed by 2 quatrains and ending with 2 sixains. metric, iambic tetrameter accept for the refrain which is iambic dimeter. All stanzas end with a rentrement. rhymed using either 2 or 4 rhymes. aabba aabR aabbaR aabba aabR aabbaR or aabba aabba aabR aabR aabbaR aabbaR or aabba ccddR aabR ccdR aabbaR ccddcR or aabba aabbR aabbaR ccddR ccdR ccddcR. Whether the poem is turned on 2 or 4 rhymes, the rentrement would remain the half line from the first line of the poem to be consistent throughout the poem especially when it is sequential (1 Rondeau pattern following another Rondeau pattern.) There could be 2 rentraments which alternate from the 1st line of each of the 1st and 2nd quintains when the like stanzas are paired. The Rondeau Prime is a short variation of the Rondeau originating in 13th century France. It allows more rhyme than the Rondeau, but incorporates its core feature, the integration of the rentrement. (opening phrase of the first line which is repeated as a refrain.) The elements of the Rondeau Prime are: in French syllabic, most often 8 syllable lines with L7 and L12 shorter, usually 4 syllable. In English tends to be iambic meter, line length is optional as long as the lines are relatively equal, with the exception of the shorter rentrement. 12 lines, made up of a septet (7 lines) followed by a cinquain (5 lines). rhymed, rhyme scheme abbccbR abbaR, R being the rentrement (the first phrase or line repeated as a refrain at the end of the stanzas.) Wind on the Terrace by Judi Van Gorder A leaf in the wind taps the pane, reminding me that you have gone. Although my busy days move on, it is small moments that I miss, a gesture, glance, a touch, a kiss. You went away before the dawn, a leaf in the wind. I watch the clouds bring in the rain, the tears that fall and splash upon the terrace of a time withdrawn, the sound repeating your refrain, a leaf in the wind. Rondeau Redoubled is not simply doubling the Rondeau. Instead of a rentrament at the end of each stanza, the rentrament appears only at the end of the poem and the 1st 4 lines of the poem become refrains sequentially placed at the end of each stanza. This apparently invented form was found in Pathways for the Poet by Viola Berg who gives Untermeyer, Pursuit pp 271-272 as a reference which I have been unable to access so far. The elements of the Rondeau Redoubled are: a poem in 25 lines, made up of 6 quatrains, the last quatrain has a tail. The rentrement, 1st phrase of the 1st line of the poem is repeated as the tail, the 25th or last line of the poem. metric, iambic pentameter. rhymed, rhyme scheme A1B1A2B2 babA1 abaB1 babA2 abaB2 babaR R being the rentrement. The 1st 4 lines of the poem become sequentially a refrain that is repeated as the last line of sequential quatrains. The rentrement or 1st phrase of the poem is repeated as the last line (25th) of the poem. The Rondel, Old French meaning small circle, is a 14th century verse form. It is a member of the Rondeau family of forms but differs from the Rondeau in the number of lines and the pattern of rhyme. The Rondel came to England in the 16th century. Sources indicate the Rondel is better suited to French than English yet Dobson's Wanderer is a fluid lyrical example of why the Rondel is adaptable to English. A variation of the Rondel is the Rondel Prime or French Sonnet. The elements of the Rondel are: a 13 line poem, made up of 2 quatrains followed by a quintain. isosyllabic, often written in 8 syllable lines, but the lines can be any number of syllables as long the measure is consistent throughout the poem. rhymed ABba abAB abbaA, A and B being refrains. In French one rhyme is feminine and one is masculine, it doesn't matter whether the feminine rhyme is the a or the b rhyme. composed with 2 rentrements. L1 is repeated in L7 and L13, L2 is repeated in L8. THE WANDERER by Henry Austin Dobson Falling for the French by Judi Van Gorder Love comes back to his vacant dwelling, - The old, old Love that we knew of yore! We see him stand by the open door, With his great eyes sad, and his bosom swelling. He makes as though in our arms repelling, He fain would lie as he lay before; - Love comes back to his vacant dwelling, - The old, old Love that we knew of yore! Ah, who shall keep us from over-spelling That sweet forgotten, forbidden lore! E'en as we doubt in our hearts once more, With a rush of tears to our eyelids welling. Love comes back to his vacant dwelling The Short Rondel might better be described as a short Rondeau than Rondel because this form uses the rentrement or first phrase of L1 as a refrain rather than the full line as in the Rondel. The elements of the Short Rondel are: a poem in 11 lines made up of sixain followed by a quintain. isosyllabic, often 8 syllalbe lines, except for L6 & L11 which are the shorter first phrase of L1. rhymed, rhyme scheme aabbcC ddeeC. r r r C x x x a x x x x x x x a x x x x x x x b x x x x x x x b r r r C x x x x x x x d x x x x x x x d x x x x x x x e x x x x x x x e r r r C The Rondelet is a relatively short poem using the entire opening line as its refrain. It is French in origin, another member of the 13th century Rondeau Family of Forms which is recognized by its use of the rentrement. The elements of the Rondelet are: a heptastich, a poem in 7 lines. in French syllabic. Syllable count per line are 4-8-4-8-8-8-4 In English tends to be iambic in pattern. composed with a rentrement, in the Rondelet the entire L1 is repeated as refrain in L3 and L7. rhymed. Rhyme scheme interlocks between the refrain AbAabbA. August's end by Barbara Hartman 8-19-05 So much to do before green hummingbirds depart so much to do before our final rendezvous when frost adorns gray spider's art and winter winds tear vines apart so much to do . . . Loneliness by Robert Murtaugh,(Fader) 8-14-05 In loneliness I sit and wait for someone new In loneliness My heart is filled with such duress But as I sit here feeling blue I wait to meet someone like you In loneliness. The Rondine is a little seen shortened version of the Rondeau dating back to at least the 16th century. The elements of the Rondine are: a poem in 12 lines made up of a quatrain, a tercet and ending in a quintet. syllabic 8 syllables per line accept L7 and L12 which are 4 syllbles each. In English metered, most often iambic tetrameter except the refrain which is iambic dimeter. composed with a refrain repeated from the opening phrase of the poem, rentrement. rhymed, using only 2 rhymes except for the refrain being unrhymed, rhyme scheme abba,abR, abbaR (R being the refrain) Happy Mother's Day The Triolet, the name didn't appear until 1486, but the form can be traced back 13th century France. It is a member of the Rondeau family as distinguished by the rentrement.The Triolet fell in and out of favor with French poets until the 19th century when it became part of the promotion of Romance Fixed Forms by Theodore de Banville. He promoted the form as playful or satirical. One challenge of the form is in managing the intricate repetition of lines so that it seems natural. The repeated line may vary in meaning to shift the emphasis of the poem. "The fifth and sixth lines both support the refrain and resist it. The support coming from re-establishing some formal stability after the irregularities of the third and fourth lines; and resist it by allowing a temporary release from its apparent stranglehold, usually accompanied by an expansion of the subject matter." The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics The elements of the Triolet are: an octa-stich, a poem in 8 lines. in English, most often written with variable line length and meter at the discretion of the poet. Originally in French, the lines were octasyllabic which would create an 8 by 8 effect. composed with a rentrement, L1 is repeated as L4 and L7. There is also repetition of L2 in L8. rhymed, with only 2 rhymes with the rhyme scheme ABaAabAB. most often playful or satirical, appropriate for light verse or occasional verse. Triolet by Ernest Henley; British Poet (1849-1903) Easy is the triolet, If you really learn to make it! Once a neat refrain you get, Easy is the triolet. As you see! I pay my debt With another rhyme. Deuce take it, Easy is the triolet, If you really learn to make it! Cat Tale by Judi Van Gorder The kitty flips her fluffy tail displaying inborn-regal grace, her half closed eyes create a veil. The princess flips her fluffy tail, aloof and pampered tips the scale. With feigned disinterest on her face, the kitty flips her fluffy tail, she moves with orchestrated grace. Villanelle (a rustic, peasant song or dance) is an intricate French verse that is distinguished by its pastoral subject matter and alternating refrain. A member of the Rondeau family, it expands on the Rondeau's signature, "rentrement", a repetition of the 1st line or phrase as a refrain, by also including the 3rd line as an alternating refrain. The Villanelle originated in the 15th century becoming standardized by the 17th century. The French use the form as a stanzaic form allowing as many tercets as one chooses. The English version is a fixed form limiting the number of lines to 19. Because of the repetition of 2 lines, the form does not allow the poet to tell a story. There can be no narrative and no way to create lineal progression, the poem goes round and round. The form is described by French poet, T. de Danville as "a plait of gold and silver threads into which is woven a third, rose-colored thread." The elements of the Villanelle are: metered, primarily iambic pentameter, however, trimeter and tetrameter were popular in the 19th century. in French stanzaic, written in any number of tercets and finally ending in a quatrain. in English, written in a total of 19 lines, made up of 5 tercets and ending with a quatrain. L1 and L3 of the first stanza, alternate as the refrain in the following tercets. The refrain lines may be altered a bit. composed with L1 and L3 of the first tercet repeated as the last two lines of the poem. written with only 2 end rhymes with a rhyme scheme of A¹bA², abA¹, abA², abA¹, abA², abA¹A². originally composed with a pastoral theme. Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas 1952 Do not go gentle into that good night Old age should burn and rave at close of day Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though wise men at their end know dark I s right, Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night Good men the last wave by crying how bright There frail deeds might have danced in a green bay; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight, And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way Do not go gentle into that good night. Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light. And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray, Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Villanelle for Scottie by Judi Van Gorder My rascal son, you are a stand up man, much more than I could wish or hope you'd be and I will always be your biggest fan. You went away to school and said, I can! I cherish well the boy that I still see, my child, you grew into a searching man. With badge and gun your life's career began, you've served with valor and integrity, I burst with pride, I am your biggest fan. You fell in love and wed, I say, that's grand! She more than makes you smile it's plain to me, she is your perfect fit, you'll be her man. With joy, a noisy family was in the plan, three girls and now a boy have come to be, you made me Grandma , I'm a grateful fan. My daring son, I thrill at your success, I know you couldn't be more loved or blessed and now my boy, you've become an envied man, with love and pride. I am your biggest fan.

Explore the Craft of Writing Poetry 1940s Poetic Movements The Black Mountain Poets are a school of poetry from the 1940's centered at Black Mountain College North Carolina which promoted open form and was spawned in an environment attempting to create the ideal community. Also call projectivist poets, they based the frame of their poetry on the line, referred to as an utterance or a breath. Poetry Guide Robert Creeley, Robert Duncan and Denise Levertov were a few of the Black Mountain Poets. Passage Over Water by Robert Duncan We have gone out in boats upon the sea at night, lost, and the vast waters close traps of fear about us. The boats are driven apart, and we are alone at last under the incalculable sky, listless, diseased with stars. Let the oars be idle, my love, and forget at this time our love like a knife between us defining the boundaries that we can never cross nor destroy as we drift into the heart of our dream, cutting the silence, slyly, the bitter rain in our mouths and the dark wound closed in behind us. Forget depth-bombs, death and promises we made, gardens laid waste, and, over the wastelands westward, the rooms where we had come together bombed. But even as we leave, your love turns back. I feel your absence like the ringing of bells silenced. And salt over your eyes and the scales of salt between us. Now, you pass with ease into the destructive world. There is a dry crash of cement. The light fails, falls into the ruins of cities upon the distant shore and within the indestructible night I am alone. Ciaro Poets were a group of poets based in North Africa during World War II. Kieth Douglas and Lawence Durrell were part of the group. Cairo Jag by Keith Douglas Shall I get drunk or cut myself a piece of cake, a pasty Syrian with a few words of English or the Turk who says she is a princess--she dances apparently by levitation? Or Marcelle, Parisienne always preoccupied with her dull dead lover: she has all the photographs and his letters tied in a bundle and stamped Decede in mauve ink. All this takes place in a stink of jasmine. But there are the streets dedicated to sleep stenches and the sour smells, the sour cries do not disturb their application to slumber all day, scattered on the pavement like rags afflicted with fatalism and hashish. The women offering their children brown-paper breasts dry and twisted, elongated like the skull, Holbein's signature. But his stained white town is something in accordance with mundane conventions- Marcelle drops her Gallic airs and tragedy suddenly shrieks in Arabic about the fare with the cabman, links herself so with the somnambulists and legless beggars: it is all one, all as you have heard. But by a day's travelling you reach a new world the vegetation is of iron dead tanks, gun barrels split like celery the metal brambles have no flowers or berries and there are all sorts of manure, you can imagine the dead themselves, their boots, clothes and possessions clinging to the ground, a man with no head has a packet of chocolate and a souvenir of Tripoli. New Apocalypse Poets were a group of 1940s poets who rejected the classicism of Auden. "Their work was wild, turbulent and surrealist." (Poet's Graveyard) Some of the poets were Dylan Thomas, James Findlay Hendry, George Barker, Henry Treece and G.S.Fraser. They were in direct opposition with the Movement poets. The Waiting Watchers by Henry Treece They shall come in the black weathers From the heart of the dead embers, Walking one and two over the hill. And they shall be with you, never farther Than your bedside. At their will The smell of putrefaction lingers And floor is carpeted with rotting hair; Or sheets are torn to shreds By the beaks of dead dry birds And the red blood clots in your cup. Put up your swords! What steel can cut the throat of next year's dream, What tongue is tunes to speak last night's quick scream? Go alone by darkness; Burn the clippings of your nail; Donate a thousand candles. But do as you will, When sun is blind and lamps are lit once more, Two and one, they shall be standing At your door. Objectivists was more a 20th century community of poets than a movement. This group of poets were inspired by Ezra Pound, WC Williams, and the Imagist Movement. Zukofsky who founded this group defined objectivism as sincerity and objectification. Some of the poets were Basil Bunting, Carl Rakosi, George Oppen, Charles Reznikoff, and Louis Zukofsky. From Odes: Chorus of Furies by Basil Bunting Let us come upon him first as if in a dream, anonymous triple presence, memory made substance and tally of heart's rot: then in the waking Now be demonstrable, seem sole aspect of being's essence, coffin to the living touch, self's Iscariot. Then he will loath the year's recurrent long caress without hope of divorce, envying idiocy's apathy or the stress of definite remorse. He will lapse into a half-life lest the taut force of the mind's eagerness recall those fiends or new apparitions endorse his excessive distress. He will shrink, his manhood leave him, slough self aware the last skin of the flayed: despair. He will nurse his terror carefully, uncertain even of death's solace, impotent to outpace dispersion of the soul, disruption of the brain.

Explore the Craft of Writing Poetry English Verse The English speaker is blessed with a rich and varied history of English poetic writing that dates back to the Anglo Saxons who produced the legendary Beowulf. Moving forward to Middle English, Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, the anonymous, morality play Everyman set high standards. The Renaissance produced poetry by Wyatt, Johnson, Spenser, Donne, Shakespeare, and so many more, poetry that is still quoted, recited and revered. And the list goes on, Tennyson, Browning, Kipling, Hardy, Larkin, Hughes..... If I left off your favorite, forgive me, these were names that just came off the top of my head in a few seconds of typing. In My Craft Or Sullen Art by Dylan Thomas In my craft or sullen art Exercised in the still night When only the moon rages And the lovers lie abed With all their griefs in their arms I labour by singing light Not for ambition or bread Or the strut and trade of charms On the ivory stages But for the common wages Of their most secret heart. Not for the proud man apart From the raging moon I write On these spindrift pages Nor for the towering dead With their nightingales and psalms But for the lovers, their arms Round the griefs of the ages, Who pay no praise or wages Nor heed my craft or art. I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud by William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside them danced, but they Out-did the sparkling leaves in glee; A poet could not be but gay, In such a jocund company! I gazed—and gazed—but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. English Stanzaic and Verse Forms (includes Anglo Saxon and Cornish verse) a la Bartholomew Griffin ABBA Abercrombie Abstract Poetry Anglo Saxon, Accentual Verse or Alliterative Verse Arnold Beymorilin Sonnet Bina Binyon Blunden Boast Bob and Wheel Bowlesian Sonnet Brace Octave Brag Bridges Cameo Carol Texte or Burden Carol Stanza Chaucer's Rime or Stanza Christabel Meter Clerihew Common Measure Common Octave Cornish Sonnet Irregular or Cowleyan Ode Crambo Curtal Long Hymnal Stanza Curtal Sonnet Decrina de la Mare de Tabley Deten Dipodic Quatrain Dixon Dobson Donne Double Ballad Stanza Dowson Dryden Roundelay English Heroic Line English Madrigal English Ode English Quintet English Roundelay English Sonnet Fletcher Fourteener Fourteener Couplet Fourteenth Century Stanza Gilbert Heroic Couplet Heroic Octave Heroic Rispetto Herrick Hexaduad Inverted Hexaduad Hymnal Measure Hymnal Octave In Memoriam Stanza Irregular Ode Keastian Ode Kipling Little Willie Long hymnal Measure Long Hymnal Octave Long Measure Long Measure Octave Madsong Stanza Mc Whirtle Miltronic Sonnet Noyes Omar stanza O'Shaughnessy Pensee Phillimore Poulter's Measure Quaternion Reverse English Sonnet Rhymed Double Sestina Roundel Roundelay Russell Rhyme Royal Scupham Sonnet Sept Shakespearean Sonnet Shantey Short hymnal Short English Madrigal Short Measure Short octave Short particular measure Short Rondel Sidney's Double Sestina Skeltonics Spenserian Sonnet Spenserian Stanza Stephens Stevenson Swinburne Swinburne's Double Sestina Swinburne's Rhymed Sestina Tennyson Thorley Trench Triplet Tudoric Lyric Tumbling verse Underground Poetry Unrhymed Sonnet Uranian Movement Venus and Adonis Stanza Victorian Movement War Poets Wheel Wordsworth Sonnet Wyatt/Surrey Sonnet Yeats Octave ZaniLa Rhyme